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果人日记我风故我在 June 24 23 June到了纽约,可惜这次不能出机场故地重游。
再搭1个半小时飞机到波斯顿,然后坐小船去Salem。
JetBlue竟然有自己的航站楼。小惊喜之余抓紧上个网。
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抓拍了几张北极的照片~~~ June 18 毛~~~!香港货币虽统称港币,但在民间港币通常只代表港币中的硬币,而纸币则被称作“港纸”。某日无意间看了一下HKD100元纸币,便明白民间为何作此区分。 比如一张Standard Chartered发行的HKD100,背面是图案,正面密密麻麻地写了一堆字,其中中文如下: 香港渣打银行 于一八五九年在香港成立 凭票即付 港币一百元 承董事会命 香港二零零三年七月一日 财务总监签字 董事长签字
港币硬币含有贵金属成分,本身有一定价值,属commodity currency,而港纸确确实实是一张“银票”,凭票可取硬币,属于representative currency。
这个年代,fiat currency横行,属于“银票”类的钞票已经越来越少了。理论上港纸是比较靠谱的,毕竟凭着它可以换回些许真金白银,“现大洋,袁世凯”~~~当然,港纸其实也只是走走形式罢了。
其它面额的港纸也基本上是这个制式,只有10元例外。10元不是由银行发行,而是金管局直接发行的,上面写“香港法定货币(Legal Tender in Hong Kong)”,然后由财政司司长和金管局局长两人签字。
今天去银行换了点不靠谱的货币,USD。拿回来仔细看了一下,USD100的正面文字如下: 弗兰克林头像左边有美联储徽章,右边是美国财政部徽章。 美联储徽章下面写有: This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private(对货币法定地位的声明)。下面美国财务官签字。 财政部徽章下面是钞票号码。然后是财政部长签字。 最底下是数字100及英文One Hundred Dollars。 此外就再没有其他说明了。
在美元和黄金脱钩以前美元也是“银票”性质,比如一张USD1,英文One Dollar下面写有:In silver payable to the bearer on demand。 更早期的写得更明白,直接叫 n Silver Dollars。比如一张19世纪末的USD20,写的是: Certificae of deposit This certifies that treasurer of the U.S. payable at his office to the bearer on demand Twenty Silver Dollars。 Dollar传统上就是指美金硬币,其制作及贵金属含量需按照美国1792年铸币法案的规定,然后凭票换取。
现在,美元已经变成所谓的fiat currency,理论上说是凭票可取美国未来的税入。因此,诸如dollar payable on demand的字已经删去,只留下In God, We Trust。
当然,这其实不像一些人吹嘘的那样是“阴谋”。现在是fiat money大行其道的年代,不靠谱的货币多的是了。
比如有一种叫做RMB的钞票,RMB100上,除了数字、图像外,只用各种当地语言和拼音注明Zhongguo Renmin Yinhang,即其发行银行,但并未以银行身份说明此票可兑换何物,也没有以政府的身份说明其法定货币地位,更没有任何负责人签字。
没有解释,没有签字,没有God,那这上面有啥? 有毛!
嗯。对一个有能力指鹿为马,可以宣布2+2=5的governmnet而言,给一张小纸条赋予特殊意义确实不是难事,当然不需要啰里八说地搞什么声明签什么字唤什么神仙了啦~~~
In 毛,we trust。 June 11 Powertends to corrupt. And absolute power corrupts absolutely. ----Lord Acton. Letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, 1887. The history that produced the Chinese communist historianswas not the history that these historians felt able to produce. History, the events of the past into which they inquired, and history, the inquiry they conducted, could not quite coincide. ----J.Levenson 所以还是应该向刘禅那样.
既然能乐着,就别折腾了.
所谓乐不折腾. 李煜就是低俗的文字写多了. 所以被赵匡胤河蟹掉了. June 04 New Documents on Li Zhizao(关于李之藻生平事迹的新史料)Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences) Vol. 38,No. 3, May 2008, pp.89-97. Gong Yingyan (龚缨晏),Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University Ma Qiong (马琼),Department of History,Zhejiang University, Abstract:Li Zhizao is an important figure in the history of Sino—Western cultural communication.W e do not know much about his family and his 1ife due to the scarcity of records.Some newly found documents show that Li Zhizao was born in 1571. not in 1565 or 1566 as it is currently held.After successfully passing the imperial examination and getting the Jingshi degree in 1 598,he worked in Beijing,not in Nanjing as many scholars supposed.In the local history,we find a poem written by Li Zhizao narrating how he used a European astrolabe to measure the latitude.In 1 6 2 1,when the Ming Dynasty was in serious crisis,Li Zhizao was appointed b-y the Emperor as deputy minister of Guanglusi,which was not the result of Xu Guangqi’S recommendation. W e also get names of his family members from these documents.His great—grandfather was Li Rong;his grandfather was Li Zitang;his father was Li Shixi.Li Zhizao had at least two sons,the elder being Li Changmao and the younger Li Cibin. Li Changmao’son Li Xixiong got the Jingshi degree in 1652 soon after the Qing Dynasty dominated most parts of China. Li Zhizao’s life becomes much clearer according to these documents. June 03 .--------------------------
张晓舟:酒旗风暖少年狂
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